Mount Rushmore is more than just a stunning sculpture carved into the granite of the Black Hills; it is a treasure trove of history, artistry, and cultural significance.
This iconic monument, featuring the colossal faces of four revered U.S. presidents—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln—has captivated millions of visitors since its completion in 1941.
But beyond its breathtaking beauty lies a wealth of intriguing facts that many may not know.
In this article, we will uncover some of the most interesting and surprising facts about Mount Rushmore, shedding light on its importance and the legacy it continues to inspire.
History of Mount Rushmore
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, located in South Dakota’s Black Hills, has a rich and complex history that reflects both American ambition and controversy.
The idea for the monument emerged in the 1920s, spearheaded by historian Doane Robinson, who sought to promote tourism in the region.
Sculptor Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to create the memorial, which began construction in 1927 and continued until 1941, interrupted by the Great Depression.
Over 400 workers, often earning as little as $8 a day, were involved in the project, which primarily utilized dynamite to remove approximately 450,000 tons of granite, allowing for the detailed carving of the faces of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln.
This historical context adds layers of meaning to the monument, which continues to be a site of both national pride and ongoing debate regarding its implications for indigenous rights and historical memory.
With that said let’s have a look at some interesting facts about Mount Rushmore;
1. Construction timeline
Mount Rushmore’s construction began in 1927 and was completed in 1941, spanning a remarkable 14 years. The project was led by sculptor Gutzon Borglum, who envisioned a monumental tribute to American democracy and its leaders. The work involved a team of over 400 laborers who used dynamite and jackhammers to carve the granite, showcasing both innovative engineering techniques and the sheer determination of the workforce. The project faced numerous challenges, including weather conditions and funding issues, but ultimately resulted in one of the most iconic landmarks in the United States.
2. Presidential faces
The monument features the faces of four U.S. presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. Each president was chosen for their significant contributions to the nation. Washington represents the birth of the United States, Jefferson symbolizes the expansion of the country through the Louisiana Purchase, Lincoln is a symbol of unity during the Civil War, and Roosevelt embodies the progressive era and the country’s emergence as a global power. Together, these leaders reflect the ideals and values that shaped the nation.
3. Alternative plans
Initially, historian Doane Robinson had a different vision for the monument. He proposed sculptures of local figures, such as Lewis and Clark and other notable Western figures, to attract tourism to South Dakota. However, Gutzon Borglum shifted the focus to national figures, believing that the faces of the presidents would resonate more with the American public and symbolize the nation’s democratic ideals. This change in vision ultimately led to the creation of a monument that is now recognized worldwide.
4. Naming origin
The name “Mount Rushmore” has an interesting origin. It is named after Charles E. Rushmore, a New York lawyer who visited the area in the 1880s. During his visit, he jokingly suggested that the peak should be named after him when he discovered it did not have an official name. The name stuck, and it later became synonymous with the monumental sculpture that would be carved into the mountain. This quirky anecdote adds a layer of personality to the site, highlighting the blend of history and humor in its naming.
5. Hidden Hall of Records
Behind Abraham Lincoln’s head lies an unfinished Hall of Records, which was designed to be a repository for important American documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Gutzon Borglum envisioned this hall as a way to preserve the nation’s history for future generations. Although the project was never fully realized, the concept reflects Borglum’s desire to create a lasting legacy that would tell the story of America. Today, the entrance to the Hall of Records is sealed, but its existence adds an air of mystery to the monument.
6. No fatalities
Remarkably, Mount Rushmore was constructed without any fatalities among the workers, a significant achievement considering the dangerous nature of the work. The laborers faced hazardous conditions, including exposure to heavy machinery and the risk of falling rocks. However, safety measures, including the use of harnesses and careful planning, contributed to this impressive record. While some workers later experienced health issues due to silica dust exposure, the absence of fatalities remains a testament to the commitment to worker safety during the project.
7. Granite composition
The monumental faces of Mount Rushmore are carved from granite, a durable rock that is estimated to erode at a rate of about 1 inch every 10,000 years. This slow erosion rate suggests that the faces could last for millions of years, allowing future generations to appreciate the artistry and significance of the monument. The choice of granite was deliberate, as its strength and resilience make it an ideal material for a lasting tribute. The geological features of the Black Hills region also contributed to the selection of this specific site for the sculpture.
8. Lighting
From late May to late September, Mount Rushmore is illuminated each night by environmentally friendly LED lights, creating a stunning visual display against the night sky. This lighting not only enhances the monument’s beauty but also allows visitors to experience the grandeur of the sculpture after dark. The illumination has become a popular attraction, drawing crowds who gather to witness the transformation of the granite faces as they are bathed in light. The evening lighting ceremony often includes patriotic music, adding to the emotional impact of the experience.
9. Visitor statistics
Mount Rushmore attracts nearly 3 million visitors each year, making it one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States. People from all over the world come to see the iconic monument, which has become a symbol of American pride and history. The visitor center offers educational exhibits, guided tours, and ranger-led programs to enhance the experience. The sheer volume of tourists underscores the monument’s significance as a national landmark and its role in American culture and identity.
10. Dimensions
The faces of the presidents on Mount Rushmore are approximately 60 feet tall, with eyes measuring 11 feet wide and mouths 18 feet wide. These impressive dimensions make the sculpture visible from miles away, showcasing the artistry and scale of the project. The meticulous attention to detail in the carving process is evident in the lifelike features of each president, reflecting Borglum’s commitment to capturing their likenesses. The sheer size of the monument contributes to its awe-inspiring presence and makes it a must-see for visitors.
11. Mountain goats
The area surrounding Mount Rushmore is home to a population of mountain goats, which are descendants of a herd gifted to Custer State Park in 1924. These agile animals can often be seen grazing on the rocky slopes, adding a touch of wildlife to the stunning landscape. The presence of mountain goats enriches the visitor experience, as they embody the natural beauty of the Black Hills region. Their adaptability to the rugged terrain serves as a reminder of the diverse ecosystem that thrives in the area.
12. Preservation efforts
Ongoing preservation efforts are crucial to maintaining the integrity of Mount Rushmore. The National Park Service monitors the monument for cracks and signs of erosion, employing advanced technology such as fiber optic cables to detect changes in the granite. Regular maintenance and restoration work ensure that the sculpture remains a lasting tribute to American history. These efforts reflect a commitment to preserving the monument for future generations, allowing visitors to continue to appreciate its significance.
13. Fifth face
While there is no actual fifth face carved into the mountain, Ben Black Elk, a Lakota holy man, is often referred to as the unofficial “fifth face.” Black Elk was a prominent figure in the area and was known for his deep spiritual connection to the land. His presence at the site during the construction of Mount Rushmore adds a layer of cultural significance to the monument, highlighting the complex relationship between the sculpture and Native American history. This narrative encourages visitors to reflect on the diverse stories that shape the identity of the region.
14. Cultural context
Mount Rushmore is built on land that is considered sacred by the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) people, leading to complex feelings about its historical significance among Native communities. The monument, while celebrated by many as a symbol of American democracy, is also viewed by some as a representation of colonization and the erasure of Indigenous cultures. This duality prompts important conversations about history, representation, and the ongoing impact of these narratives on contemporary society. Engaging with this cultural context allows visitors to gain a deeper understanding of the monument’s significance beyond its artistic merit.
Conclusion
While it celebrates the legacies of four influential presidents, Mount Rushmore also embodies the ongoing dialogue surrounding the treatment of Native American lands and the historical narratives we choose to honor.
The remarkable engineering feats and artistic vision that brought this monumental sculpture to life continue to inspire awe in millions of visitors each year.
Whether viewed as a tribute to democracy or a reminder of historical injustices, Mount Rushmore invites us to engage with our nation’s history in a meaningful way.
